Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
Volume 64, Issue 4 , Pages 358-365 , April 2011

Published norms underestimate the health-related quality of life among persons with type 2 diabetes

  • Susan L. Norris

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Stop B1CC, Portland, OR 97239. Tel.: +503-418-1432; fax: +503-494-4551.
    • ,
  • Tarra K. McNally

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
    • ,
  • Xuanping Zhang

      Affiliations

    • Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
    • ,
  • Brittany Burda

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
    • ,
  • Benjamin Chan

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
    • ,
  • Farah M. Chowdhury

      Affiliations

    • Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
    • ,
  • Ping Zhang

      Affiliations

    • Division of Diabetes Translation, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
    • ,
  • Donald Patrick

      Affiliations

    • Department of Health Services, University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA

,Accepted 24 April 2010.

References 

  1. Rubin RR, Peyrot M. Quality of life and diabetes. Diab Metab Res Rev. 1999;15:205–218
  2. Smith KW, Avis NE, Assmann SF. Distinguishing between quality of life and health status in quality of life research: a meta-analysis. Qual Life Res. 1999;8:447–459
  3. Guyatt GH, Feeny DH, Patrick DL. Measuring health-related quality of life. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118:622–629
  4. Glossary: health outcomes methodology. Med Care. 2000;38:II-7–II-13
  5. Patrick DL, Deyo RA. Generic and disease-specific measures in assessing health status and quality of life. Med Care. 1989;27:S217–S232
  6. Patrick DL, Chiang YP. Measurement of health outcomes in treatment effectiveness evaluations: conceptual and methodological challenges. Med Care. 2000;38:II14–II25
  7. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. 1992;30:473–483
  8. Bergner M, Bobbitt RA, Carter WB, Gilson BS. The Sickness Impact Profile: development and final revision of a health status measure. Med Care. 1981;19:787–805
  9. Hunt SM, McEwen J, McKenna SP. Measuring health status: a new tool for clinicians and epidemiologists. J R Coll Gen Pract. 1985;35:185–188
  10. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) Research Group. Influence of intensive diabetes treatment on quality-of-life outcomes in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes Care. 1996;19:195–203
  11. Boyer JG, Earp JA. The development of an instrument for assessing the quality of life of people with diabetes. Diabetes-39. Med Care. 1997;35:440–453
  12. Clarke M, Oxman AD. Cochrane reviews handbook (updated October 2001. Oxford, UK: Update Software; 2001;
  13. Andresen EM. Measures of general health status. In:  Andresen EM editors. Assessing the health status of older adults. New York: Springer Publishing Co; 1997;p. 41–91
  14. Ware JE, Snow KK, Kosinski M, Gandek B. SF-36 Health Survey manual and interpretation guide. Boston, MA: The Health Institute, New England Medical Center; 1993;
  15. Ware JE, Kosinski M, Keller S. SF-36 physical and mental health summary scales: a user's manual. Boston, MA: The Health Institute, New England Medical Center; 1994;
  16. In:  McDowell I,  Newell C editor. General health status and quality of life. In: Measuring health: a guide to rating scales and questionnaires. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1996;p. 380–492
  17. Hays RD, Sherbourne CD, Mazel RM. User's manual for the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) core measures of health-related quality of life. Santa Monica, CA: RAND; 2005;
  18. Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21:1539–1558
  19. Weinberger M, Kirkman MS, Samsa GP, Cowper PA, Shortliffe EA, Simel DL, et al. The relationship between glycemic control and health-related quality of life in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Med Care. 1994;32:1173–1181
  20. Greenfield S, Kaplan SH, Silliman RA, Sullivan L, Manning W, D'Agostino R, et al. The uses of outcomes research for medical effectiveness, quality of care, and reimbursement in type II diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1994;17(Suppl 1):32–39
  21. Hart HE, Redekop WK, Stolk RP, Assink JH, Meyboom-de Jong B. Quality of life over time in a cohort of patients with type I diabetes mellitus measured with the EUROQOL and the SF-36. EQ-5D. 2003;249–255
  22. Wu SY, Sainfort F, Tomar RH, Tollios JL, Fryback DG, Klein R, et al. Development and application of a model to estimate the impact of type 1 diabetes on health-related quality of life. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:725–731
  23. Avery JC, Gill TK, MacLennan AH, Chittleborough CR, Grant JF, Taylor AW. The impact of incontinence on health-related quality of life in a South Australian population sample. Aust NZ J Public Health. 2004;28:173–179
  24. Goldney RD, Phillips PJ, Fisher LJ, Wilson DH. Diabetes, depression, and quality of life: a population study. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1066–1070
  25. Roberts R, Hemingway H, Marmot M. Psychometric and clinical validity of the SF-36 general health survery in the Whitehall II study. Br J Health Psychol. 1997;2:285–300
  26. Balukonis J, Melkus GDE, Chyun D. Grandparenthood status and health outcomes in midlife African American women with type 2 diabetes. Ethn Dis. 2008;18:141–146
  27. Chittleborough CR, Baldock KL, Taylor AW, Phillips PJ. North West Adelaide Health Study T. Health status assessed by the SF-36 along the diabetes continuum in an Australian population. Qual Life Res. 2006;15:687–694
  28. Currie CJ, Poole CD, Woehl A, Morgan CL, Cawley S, Rousculp MD, et al. The health-related utility and health-related quality of life of hospital-treated subjects with type 1 or type 2 diabetes with particular reference to differing severity of peripheral neuropathy. Diabetologia. 2006;49:2272–2280
  29. Currie CJ, Poole CD, Woehl A, Morgan CL, Cawley S, Rousculp MD, et al. The financial costs of healthcare treatment for people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in the UK with particular reference to differing severity of peripheral neuropathy. Diabet Med. 2007;24:187–194
  30. Graham JE, Stoebner-May DG, Ostir GV, Al Snih S, Peek MK, Markides K, et al. Health related quality of life in older Mexican Americans with diabetes: a cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2007;5:39
  31. Hervas A, Zabaleta A, De Miguel G, Beldarrain O, Diez J. [Health related quality of life in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2], Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra. 2007;30:45–52
  32. Kuo H-K, Jones RN, Milberg WP, Tennstedt S, Talbot L, Morris JN, et al. Effect of blood pressure and diabetes mellitus on cognitive and physical functions in older adults: a longitudinal analysis of the advanced cognitive training for independent and vital elderly cohort. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:1154–1161
  33. Lee IC, Shieh TY, Yang YH, Tsai CC, Wang KH. Individuals' perception of oral health and its impact on the health-related quality of life. J Oral Rehabil. 2007;34:79–87
  34. Lee PP, Whitcup SM, Hays RD, Spritzer K, Javitt J. The relationship between visual acuity and functioning and well-being among diabetics. Qual Life Res. 1995;4:319–323
  35. Martin FJM, Escudero JCM, Blanco FS, Casado JB, Ares JLC. [Type 2 diabetes mellitus and health-related quality of life: results from the Hortega Study], Anales de Medicina Interna. 2006;23:357–360
  36. Miksch A, Hermann K, Trieschmann J, Roelz A, Heiderhoff M, Laux G, et al. [Gender-specific differences in quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes with or without participating in DMP], Gesundheitswesen. 2008;70:250–255
  37. Patel MD, McKevitt C, Lawrence E, Rudd AG, Wolfe CDA. Clinical determinants of long-term quality of life after stroke. Age Ageing. 2007;36:316–322
  38. Robertson N, Burden ML, Burden AC. Psychological morbidity and problems of daily living in people with visual loss and diabetes: do they differ from people without diabetes?. Diabet Med. 2006;23:1110–1116
  39. Tang W-L, Wang Y-M, Du W-M, Cheng N-N, Chen B-Y. Assessment of quality of life and relevant factors in elderly diabetic patients in the Shanghai community. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2006;15:123–130
  40. Wee H-L, Cheung Y-B, Li S-C, Fong K-Y, Thumboo J. The impact of diabetes mellitus and other chronic medical conditions on health-related quality of life: is the whole greater than the sum of its parts?. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2005;3:2
  41. Wee H-L, Li S-C, Cheung Y-B, Fong K-Y, Thumboo J. The influence of ethnicity on health-related quality of life in diabetes mellitus: a population-based, multiethnic study. J Diabetes Complications. 2006;20:170–178
  42. Klein BE, Klein R, Moss SE. Self-rated health and diabetes of long duration. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:236–240
  43. Reza M, Taylor CD, Towse K, Ward JD, Hendra TJ. Insulin improves well-being for selected elderly type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002;55:201–207
  44. Trief PM, Wade MJ, Pine D, Weinstock RS. A comparison of health-related quality of life of elderly and younger insulin-treated adults with diabetes. Age Ageing. 2003;32:613–618
  45. Goddijn PP, Bilo HJ, Feskens EJ, Groeniert KH, van der Zee KI, Meyboom-de Jong B. Longitudinal study on glycaemic control and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus referred for intensified control. Diabet Med. 1999;16:23–30
  46. Hendra TJ, Taylor CD. A randomised trial of insulin on well-being and carer strain in elderly type 2 diabetic subjects. J Diabetes Complications. 2004;18:148–154
  47. Ma Y, Olendzki BC, Chiriboga D, Rosal M, Sinagra E, Crawford S, et al. PDA-assisted low glycemic index dietary intervention for type II diabetes: a pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60:1235–1243
  48. Rickheim PL, Weaver TW, Flader JL, Kendall DM. Assessment of group versus individual diabetes education: a randomized study. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:269–274
  49. Shibayama T, Kobayashi K, Takano A, Kadowaki T, Kazuma K. Effectiveness of lifestyle counseling by certified expert nurse of Japan for non-insulin-treated diabetic outpatients: a 1-year randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;76:265–268
  50. Vinik AI, Zhang Q. Adding insulin glargine versus rosiglitazone: health-related quality-of-life impact in type 2 diabetes. [erratum appears in Diabetes Care 2007;30:1684] Diabetes Care. 2007;30:795–800
  51. Kaukua JK, Pekkarinen TA, Rissanen AM. Health-related quality of life in a randomised placebo-controlled trial of sibutramine in obese patients with type II diabetes. Int J Obes. 2004;28:600–605
  52. Apostolou T, Hutchison AJ, Boulton AJM, Chak W, Vileikyte L, Uttley L, et al. Quality of life in CAPD, transplant, and chronic renal failure patients with diabetes. Renal Fail. 2007;29:189–197
  53. Assal H. Health related quality of life among Egyptian patients on hemodialysis. J Med Sci. 2006;6:314–320
  54. Chiang C-K, Peng Y-S, Chiang S-S, Yang C-S, He Y-H, Hung K-Y, et al. Health-related quality of life of hemodialysis patients in Taiwan: a multicenter study. Blood Purif. 2004;22:490–498
  55. Martinez-Castelao A, Gorriz JL, Garcia-Lopez F, Lopez-Revuelta K, De Alvaro F, Cruzado JM, et al. Perceived health-related quality of life and comorbidity in diabetic patients starting dialysis (CALVIDIA Study). J Nephrol. 2004;17:544–551
  56. Kelley K, Aricak OT, Light RP, Agarwal R. Proteinuria is a determinant of quality of life in diabetic nephropathy: modeling lagged effects with path analysis. Am J Nephrol. 2007;27:488–494
  57. Drognitz O, Benz S, Pfeffer F, Fischer C, Makowiec F, Schareck W, et al. Long-term follow-up of 78 simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplants at a single-center institution in Europe. Transplantation. 2004;78:1802–1808
  58. de Castro M, Caiuby AV, Draibe SA, Canziani ME. Qualidade de vida de pacientes com insuficiencia renal cronica em hemodialise avaliada atraves do instrumento generico SF-36. Revista Da Associacao Medica Brasileira. 2003;49:245–249
  59. Sorensen VR, Mathiesen ER, Watt T, Bjorner JB, Andersen MVN, Feldt-Rasmussen B. Diabetic patients treated with dialysis: complications and quality of life. Diabetologia. 2007;50:2254–2262
  60. Lopez Revuelta K, Garcia Lopez FJ, de Alvaro Moreno F, Alonso J. Perceived mental health at the start of dialysis as a predictor of morbidity and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease (CALVIDIA Study). Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2004;19:2347–2353
  61. Abetz L, Sutton M, Brady L, McNulty P, Gagnon DD. The Diabetic Foot Ulcer Scale (DFS): a quality of life instrument for use in clinical trials. Pract Diabetes Int. 2002;19:167–175
  62. Armstrong DG, Chappell AS, Le TK, Kajdasz DK, Backonja M, D'Souza DN, et al. Duloxetine for the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: evaluation of functional outcomes. Pain Med. 2007;8:410–418
  63. Rosenstock J, Tuchman M, LaMoreaux L, Sharma U. Pregabalin for the treatment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pain. 2004;110:628–638
  64. Vickrey BG, Hays RD, Beckstrand M. Development of a health-related quality of life measure for peripheral neuropathy. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2000;14:93–104
  65. Pinzur MS, Evans A. Health-related quality of life in patients with Charcot foot. Am J Orthop. 2003;32:492–496
  66. Meijer JW, Trip J, Jaegers SM, Links TP, Smits AJ, Groothoff JW, et al. Quality of life in patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Disabil Rehabil. 2001;23:336–340
  67. Eckman MH, Greenfield S, Mackey WC, Wong JB, Kaplan S, Sullivan L, et al. Foot infections in diabetic patients. Decision and cost-effectiveness analyses. JAMA. 1995;273:712–720
  68. Ribu L, Hanestad BR, Moum T, Birkeland K, Rustoen T. Health-related quality of life among patients with diabetes and foot ulcers: association with demographic and clinical characteristics. J Diabetes Complications. 2007;21:227–236
  69. Ribu L, Hanestad BR, Moum T, Birkeland K, Rustoen T. A comparison of the health-related quality of life in patients with diabetic foot ulcers, with a diabetes group and a nondiabetes group from the general population. Qual Life Res. 2007;16:179–189
  70. Ribu L, Rustoen T, Birkeland K, Hanestad BR, Paul SM, Miaskowski C. The prevalence and occurrence of diabetic foot ulcer pain and its impact on health-related quality of life. J Pain. 2006;7:290–299
  71. Nabuurs-Franssen MH, Huijberts MSP, Kruseman ACN, Willems J, Schaper NC. Health-related quality of life of diabetic foot ulcer patients and their caregivers. Diabetologia. 2005;48:1906–1910
  72. Mueller MJ, Sinacore DR, Hastings MK, Lott DJ, Strube MJ, Johnson JE. Impact of achilles tendon lengthening on functional limitations and perceived disability in people with a neuropathic plantar ulcer. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1559–1564
  73. Hoshino J, Ubara Y, Hara S, Sogawa Y, Suwabe T, Higa Y, et al. Quality of life improvement and long-term effects of peripheral blood mononuclear cell transplantation for severe arteriosclerosis obliterans in diabetic patients on dialysis. Circ J. 2007;71:1193–1198
  74. Evans AR, Pinzur MS, Evans AR, Pinzur MS. Health-related quality of life of patients with diabetes and foot ulcers. Foot Ankle Int. 2005;26:32–37
  75. Dhawan V, Spratt KF, Pinzur MS, Baumhauer J, Rudicel S, Saltzman CL. Reliability of AOFAS diabetic foot questionnaire in Charcot arthropathy: stability, internal consistency, and measurable difference. Foot Ankle Int. 2005;26:717–731
  76. Edelman D, Olsen MK, Dudley TK, Harris AC, Oddone EZ. Impact of diabetes screening on quality of life. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:1022–1026
  77. Maljanian R, Grey N, Staff I, Conroy L. Intensive telephone follow-up to a hospital-based disease management model for patients with diabetes mellitus. Dis Manage. 2005;8:15–25
  78. Liu Z, Zhou Z, Chen X, Tang W, Peng J, Feng Q, et al. Effect of multifactorial intervention on quality of life and cost-effectiveness in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients. Chin J Evid Based Med. 2005;5:386–390
  79. World Economic Outlook Database: WEO groups and aggregates information. [updated April 2009]. Available at http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/groups.htm#aeAccessed November 19, 2009
  80. Jacobson AM. Quality of life in patients with diabetes mellitus. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 1997;2:82–93
  81. Glasgow RE, Ruggiero L, Eakin EG, Dryfoos J, Chobanian L. Quality of life and associated characteristics in a large national sample of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:562–567
  82. Stewart AL, Greenfield S, Hays RD, Wells K, Rogers WH, Berry SD, et al. Functional status and well-being of patients with chronic conditions. Results from the Medical Outcomes Study. [erratum appears in JAMA 1989;262:2542] JAMA. 1989;262:907–913
  83. Stewart LA, Parmar MK. Meta-analysis of the literature or of individual patient data: is there a difference?. Lancet. 1993;341:418–422
  84. Stewart LA, Tierney JF. To IPD or not to IPD? Advantages and disadvantages of systematic reviews using individual patient data. Eval Health Prof. 2002;25:76–97
  85. Schmid CH, Landa M, Jafar TH, Giatras I, Karim T, Reddy M, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in Progressive Renal Disease Study G. Constructing a database of individual clinical trials for longitudinal analysis. Control Clin Trials. 2003;24:324–340
  86. Farquhar M. Definitions of quality of life: a taxonomy. J Adv Nurs. 1995;22:502–508
  87. Bradley C. Importance of differentiating health status from quality of life. Lancet. 2001;357:7–8
  88. Stewart AL, Napoles-Springer A. Health-related quality-of-life assessments in diverse population groups in the United States. Med Care. 2000;38:II102–II124
  89. Simon GE, Revicki DA, Grothaus L, Vonkorff M. SF-36 summary scores: are physical and mental health truly distinct?. Med Care. 1998;36:567–572

 With regard to the contributions of Xuanping Zhang, PhD; Farrah M. Chowdhury, MBBS, MPH; and Ping Zhang, PhD, the findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official positions of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

PII: S0895-4356(10)00183-6

doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.04.016

Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
Volume 64, Issue 4 , Pages 358-365 , April 2011

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution