Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
Volume 63, Issue 8 , Pages 841-853 , August 2010

“A delicate diplomatic situation”: tobacco industry efforts to gain control of the Framingham Study

  • Janine K. Cataldo

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physiological Nursing—Gerontology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Department of Physiological Nursing—Gerontology, University of California San Francisco, 2 Koret Way, N611, San Francisco, CA 94143-0610, USA. Tel.: +415-476-4721; fax: +415-476-8899.
    • ,
  • Lisa A. Bero

      Affiliations

    • Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Health Policy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
    • ,
  • Ruth E. Malone

      Affiliations

    • Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

,Accepted 30 January 2010.

References 

  1. Framingham Heart Study . Available at http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/2009;Accessed October 12, 2009
  2. AMA . The AMA-ERF Committee for Research on Tobacco and Health at its May meeting reviewed your request for continued funding of the Heart Disease Epidemiology Study in Framingham, Massachusetts. RJ Reynolds. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lrj14d00May 27, 1970;
  3. Dawber TR, BUMC . Our telephone conversation, March 30, 1970. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/dfk46d00April 1, 1970;
  4. Dawber TR. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hfk46d00April 23, 1970;
  5. Dawber TR. The Framingham Study: the epidemiology of atherosclerotic disease. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1980;
  6. Hong MK, Bero LA. How the tobacco industry responded to an influential study of the health effects of secondhand smoke. Br Med J. 2002;325:1413–1416
  7. Bero LA. Tobacco industry manipulation of research. Public Health Rep. 2005;120:200
  8. White J, Bandura PDA, Bero LA. Moral disengagement in the corporate world. Accountability in Research. 2009;16:41–74
  9. Malone R, Balbach E. Tobacco industry documents: treasure trove or quagmire?. Tob Control. 2000;9:334–338
  10. MacKenzie R, Collin J, Lee K. The tobacco industry documents: an introductory handbook and resource guide for researchers. London, UK: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; 2003;
  11. In:  Taylor C editors. Theories of meaning. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire], UK: Cambridge University Press; 1985;
  12. Hill M. Archival strategies and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications; 1993;
  13. Hockett RC, CTR . Informal inquiry from Dr. Thomas R. Dawber, now of Boston University Medical Center, concerning possible interest in continuing support of the Framingham, Mass. Heart Disease Epidemiology Study. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/cfk46d00April 14, 1970;
  14. Hockett RC. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mgk46d00July 21, 1970;
  15. Glantz S, Slade J, Bero LA, Hanauer P, Barnes D. The cigarette papers. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1996;
  16. Bero L, Barnes DE, Hanauer P, Slade J, Glantz SA. Lawyer control of the tobacco industry's external research program. The Brown and Williamson documents. JAMA. 1995;274:241–247
  17. Barnes DE, Bero LA. Industry-funded research and conflict of interest: an analysis of research sponsored by the tobacco industry through the Center for Indoor Air Research. J Health Polit Policy Law. 1996;21:515–542
  18. Ramm HH, RI . Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/efk46d00July 24, 1970;
  19. Dawber TR, BUSOM , Seltzer CC, BUSOM , Thomas HE, BUSOM . Epidemiology, statistics and psychosomatic application for research grant smoking classes, risk factors and cardiovascular disease. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ppq59c00March 19, 1971;
  20. Special projects approvals, payments, and payables as of December 4, 1968. American Tobacco. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/yms51a00December 4, 1968;
  21. Hockett RC, CTR . A new grant application, #826, from Dr. Thomas R. Dawber and Dr. Carl Seltzer. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/igk46d00March 29, 1971;
  22. Dawber TR, BU , Jordan RN, BUMC . Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/hgk46d00June 3, 1971;
  23. New tobacco-health grants announced; one helps review Framingham. Liggett & Myers. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/gox57a00November 9, 1971;
  24. Sommers SC, CTR . No. 826-Dawber. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xes30a00April 14, 1971;
  25. Dawber TR, BUSOM , Seltzer CC, BUSOM , Thomas HE, BUSOM . Epidemiology application for renewal of research grant smoking classes, risk factors and cardiovascular disease. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/vqq59c00May 1, 1972;
  26. CTR , Dawber TR, et al. BUSOM renewal application no. 826r1 smoking classes, risk factors and cardiovascular disease. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/bgk46d00May 3, 1972;
  27. Hoyt WT. Grant #826r1. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/uqq59c00June 19, 1972;
  28. Dawber TR, BU , Jordan RN, BUMC . Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zfk46d001972;
  29. Dawber TR, BUMC . Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/tqq59c00December 1, 1972;
  30. Seltzer CC, HUSPH . Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/frq59c00December 4, 1972;
  31. Kreisher JH, CTR . Thomas R. Dawber MD. Grant No. 826r2. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pbn20a00March 19, 1975;
  32. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wfk46d00January 5, 1900;
  33. CTR . Thomas R. Dawber, MD, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts second renewal no. 826r2 smoking classes, risk factors and cardiovascular disease. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/zgk46d00January 31, 1973;
  34. Seltzer CC, HUSPH . Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/sqq59c00February 28, 1973;
  35. Hoyt WT. Grant No. 826r2. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wgk46d00April 2, 1973;
  36. Smoking classes, risk factors, and cardiovascular disease. Philip Morris. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pkk81a00May 8, 1973;
  37. Dawber TR, Jordan RN. Application for research grant epidemiologic study of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease. Philip Morris. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/maw02a00January 24, 1974;
  38. Cataldo JK, Malone RE. False promises: the tobacco industry, “low tar” cigarettes, and older smokers. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56:1716
  39. Staff February 5, 1974. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mcp1aa00February 5, 1974;
  40. Seltzer CC, HUSPH . Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/mqq59c00February 20, 1974;
  41. CTR . Approvals (grants) March 1974. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/iqj2aa00March 1974;
  42. CTR . Approvals—Sab Meeting of March 13-14-15, 1974. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lbq20a00March 15, 1974;
  43. Dawber TR, BUMC . Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rgk46d00May 15, 1974;
  44. CTR . Application 826-a Thomas R. Dawber, MD. Boston University School of Medicine epidemiologic study of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/vhk46d00May 23, 1974;
  45. Hockett RC. Grant application No. 826a. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/uhk46d00June 26, 1974;
  46. Dawber TR, BUMC . Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qqq59c00June 20, 1974;
  47. Seltzer CC, HUSPH . Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/pqq59c00June 25, 1974;
  48. Dawber TR, BUMC . Extension of 826r2. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/thk46d00July 23, 1974;
  49. 19 Sep. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/znv46d00
  50. Notes on Seltzer's visit April 10, 1975. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qbn20a00April 10, 1975;
  51. Dawber TR, BUMC , Jordan RN, BU . Grant No. 826r2s. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qhk46d00June 4, 1975;
  52. Hockett RC, CTR . Grant No. 826r2s. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lik46d00September 24, 1976;
  53. Dawber TR, BUMC . Your letter of June 15. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/nbn20a00June 30, 1975;
  54. Seltzer CC, HUSPH . Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/obn20a00July 9, 1975;
  55. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lbn20a00February 20, 1976;
  56. Seltzer April 6, 1976 visit. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/jbn20a00April 6, 1976;
  57. Dawber TR, BUMC . Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/iqq59c00May 20, 1976;
  58. Dawber TR, Kannel WB, Revotskie N, Stokes J, Kagan A, Gordon T. Some factors associated with the development of coronary heart disease. Am J Public Health. 1959;49:1349–1356
  59. Katz LN, Allen E, Cherkasky M, Davis F, Dawber TR. Cigarette smoking and cardiovascular diseases: report by the American Heart Association. Circulation. 1960;22:160–166
  60. Doyle JT, Dawber TR, Kannel WB, Heslin AS, Kahn HA. Cigarette smoking and coronary heart disease. Combined experience of the Albany and Framingham studies. N Engl J Med. 1962;26:796
  61. Kagan A, Dawber TR, Kannel WB, Revotskie N. The Framingham Study: a prospective study of coronary heart disease. Federation Proc. 1962;21:52–57
  62. Dawber TR, Kannel WB, McNamara PM. The prediction of coronary heart disease. Transact Assoc Life Insurance Med Directors Am. 1964;47:70
  63. Doyle JT, Dawber TR, Kannel WB, Kinch SH, Kahn HA. The relationship of cigarette smoking to coronary heart disease: the second report of the combined experience of the Albany, NY, and Framingham, Mass, studies. JAMA. 1964;190:886
  64. Kannel WB, Dawber TR, McNamara PM. Detection of the coronary-prone adult: the Framingham study. J Iowa Med Soc. 1966;56:26
  65. Dawber TR, Thomas HE. Prevention of myocardial infarction. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1971;13:343
  66. Kannel WB, Dawber TR. Contributors to coronary risk implications for prevention and public health: the Framingham Study. Heart Lung. 1972;1:797–809
  67. Dawber TR, Kannel WB. Current status of coronary prevention. Lessons from the Framingham study. Prev Med. 1972;1:499
  68. Gordon T, Kannel WB, McGee D, Dawber TR. Death and coronary attacks in men after giving up cigarette smoking. Lancet. 1974;2:1345–1348
  69. Gordon T, Kannel WB, Dawber TR, McGee D. Changes associated with quitting cigarette smoking: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J. 1975;90:322
  70. Gordon T, Kannel WB, McGee D, Dawber TR. Stopping smoking and CHD. Lancet. 1977;310:420–421
  71. Sparrow D, Dawber R. The influence of cigarette smoking on prognosis after a first myocardial infarction: a report from the Framingham study. J Chron Dis. 1978;31:425–432
  72. Wolf PA, Kannel WB, Dawber TR. Prospective investigations: the Framingham study and the epidemiology of stroke. Adv Neurol. 1978;19:107
  73. Castelli WP, Dawber TR, Feinleib M, Garrison RJ, McNamara PM, Kannel WB. The filter cigarette and coronary heart disease: the Framingham study. Lancet. 1981;318:109–113
  74. Dawber TR, Thomas HE. Smoking and heart disease: current thinking. Compr Ther. 1979;5:15
  75. Kannel WB, Dawber TR. Contributors to coronary risk: ten years later. Heart Lung J Crit care. 1982;11:60
  76. Seltzer CC. Stopping smoking and CHD. Lancet. 1977;1:420
  77. Gordon T, Kannel W, McGee D, Dawber T. Letter. Lancet. 1977;310:420–421
  78. Seltzer CC, LZA . Smoking and coronary heart disease: what are we to believe?. Am Heart J. 1980;100:275
  79. Zahn LS, LZA . Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/viw4aa00August 28, 1980;
  80. AP . Researcher disputing tie between smoking and coronary disease. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/wiw4aa00August 28, 1980;
  81. Bero LA. “Experimental” institutional models for corporate funding of academic research: unknown effects on the research enterprise. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61:629–633
  82. Krimsky S. Science in the private interest. Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield; 2003;
  83. Baba A, Cook DM, Bero LA. Tobacco industry efforts to shape the legislative standards of scientific research. The 132nd Annual Meeting of American Public Health Association, Washington, DC; Nov 6–10, 2004.
  84. Baba A, Cook D, McGarity TO, Bero L. Legislating “sound science”: the role of the tobacco industry. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(S1):S20–27
  85. Seltzer CC. “Conflicts of interest” and “political science”. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50:627–629
  86. Seltzer CC. The negative association in women between cigarette smoking and uncomplicated angina pectoris in the Framingham Heart Study data. J Clin Epidemiol. 1991;44:871
  87. Seltzer CC. Framingham study data and “established wisdom” about cigarette smoking and coronary heart disease. J Clin Epidemiol. 1989;42:743
  88. Seltzer CC. Smoking and coronary heart disease in the elderly. Am J Med Sci. 1975;269:309
  89. Lifetime smokers need not quit after age 65. American tobacco. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/rxg60a00October 8, 1975;
  90. Reports RT. Smoking after 65. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/joe3aa00December 19, 1972;
  91. Reports RT. Smoking after 65. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/moe3aa00December 19, 1972;
  92. Reports RT. Smoking after 65. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/noe3aa00December 19, 1972;
  93. Upi . Quitting smoking “no help after 65”; the Raleigh Times. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ooe3aa00December 19, 1973;
  94. Reports RT. “Dr. Seltzer”. Council for Tobacco Research. Available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/poe3aa00December 19, 1972;
  95. Bero LA, Glantz S, Hong MK. The limits of competing interest disclosures. Br Med J. 2005;14:118–126
  96. PLoS Medicine . PLoS policy on declaration and evaluation of competing interests. Available at http://www.plosmedicine.org/static/competing.action2009;Accessed January 5, 2010
  97. Bero LA. Accepting commercial sponsorship. Br Med J. 1999;319:653
  98. Cataldo JK, Prochaska JJ, Glantz SA. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: an analysis controlling for tobacco industry affiliation. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;19:465–480

PII: S0895-4356(10)00135-6

doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.01.021

Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
Volume 63, Issue 8 , Pages 841-853 , August 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution