Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
Volume 56, Issue 7 , Pages 622-628 , July 2003

Characteristics of the modified mini-mental state exam among elderly persons

  • Shari S Bassuk

      Affiliations

    • Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue East, Boston, MA 02215, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: 617-278-0814; fax: 617-731-3843.
  • ,
  • Jane M Murphy

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
    • Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

References 

  1. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-Mental State: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12:189–198
  2. George LK, Landerman R, Blazer DG, et al.  Cognitive impairment. In:  Robins LN,  Regier DA editor. Psychiatric disorders in America: the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. New York: Free Press; 1991;p. 291–327
  3. Tombaugh TN, McIntrye NJ. The Mini-Mental State Examination: a comprehensive review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40:922–935
  4. McDowell I, Newell C. Measuring health: a guide to rating scales and questionnaires. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996;
  5. Teng EL, Chui HC. The Modified Mini-Mental (3MS) Examination. J Clin Psychiatry. 1987;48:314–318
  6. Moss MB, Albert MS. Alzheimer's disease and other dementing disorders. In:  Albert MS,  Moss MB editor. Geriatric neuropsychology. New York: Guilford Press; 1988;p. 145–178
  7. McDowell I, Kristjansson B, Hill GB, et al.  Community screening for dementia: The Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) and Modified Mini-Mental State Exam (3MS) compared. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50:377–383
  8. Bland RC, Newman SC. Mild dementia or cognitive impairment: the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) as a screen for dementia. Can J Psychiatry. 2001;46:506–510
  9. Matthews K, Cauley J, Yaffe K, et al.  Estrogen replacement therapy and cognitive decline in older community women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999;47:518–523
  10. Lyketsos CG, Steinberg M, Tschanz JT, et al.  Mental and behavioral disturbances in dementia: findings from the Cache County Study on Memory in Aging. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:708–714
  11. Yaffe K, Haan M, Byers A, et al.  Estrogen use, APOE, and cognitive decline: evidence of gene-environment interaction. Neurology. 2000;54:1949–1954
  12. Murphy JM, Sobol AM, Neff RK, et al.  Stability of prevalence: depression and anxiety disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984;41:990–997
  13. Murphy JM. The Stirling County Study. In:  Weissman MM,  Myers JK,  Ross C editor. Community surveys of psychiatric disorders. New Brunswick (NJ): Rutgers University Press; 1986;p. 133–155
  14. Murphy JM. The Stirling County Study: then and now. Int Rev Psychiatry. 1994;6:329–348
  15. Murphy JM, Laird NM, Monson RR, et al.  A 40-year perspective on the prevalence of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:209–215
  16. Fillenbaum GG, George LK, Blazer DG. Scoring nonresponse on the Mini-Mental State Examination. Psychol Med. 1988;18:1021–1025
  17. Zeger SL, Liang KY, Albert PS. Models for longitudinal data: a generalized estimating equations approach. Biometrics. 1988;44:1049–1060
  18. StataCorp . Stata Statistical Software: Release 6.0. College Station (TX): Stata Corporation; 1999;
  19. Shrout PE, Fleiss JL. Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychol Bull. 1979;86:420–428
  20. Cronbach LJ. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika. 1951;16:297–334
  21. SAS Institute, Inc . SAS procedures guide, version 6. 3rd edition. Cary (NC): SAS Institute, Inc; 1990;
  22. Nunnally JC. Psychometric theory. 2nd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1978;
  23. Teng EL, Chui HC, Gong A. Comparisons between the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) and its modified version: the 3MS test. In: International Psychogeriatric Association. Psychogeriatrics: biomedical and social advances. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; 1990;p. 189–192
  24. Katzman R, Kawas C. The epidemiology of dementia and Alzheimer disease. In:  Terry RD,  Katzman R,  Bick KL editor. Alzheimer disease. New York: Raven Press; 1994;p. 105–122
  25. Fillenbaum GG, Hughes DC, Heyman A, et al.  Relationship of health and demographic characteristics to Mini-Mental State Examination score among community residents. Psychol Med. 1988;18:719–726
  26. Bassuk SS, Wypij D, Berkman LF. Cognitive impairment and mortality in the community-dwelling elderly. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;151:676–688
  27. Crum RM, Anthony JC, Bassett SS, et al.  Population-based norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination by age and educational level. JAMA. 1993;269:2386–2391
  28. Bravo G, Hebert R. Age- and education-specific reference values for the Mini-Mental and Modified Mini-Mental State Examinations derived from a non-demented elderly population. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1997;12:1008–1018
  29. Bravo G, Hebert R. Reliability of the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination in the context of a two-phase community prevalence study. Neuroepidemiology. 1997;16:141–148
  30. Jacqmin-Gadda H, Fabrigoule C, Commenges D, et al.  A 5-year longitudinal study of the Mini-Mental State Examination in normal aging. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146:498–506

PII: S0895-4356(03)00111-2

doi: 10.1016/S0895-4356(03)00111-2

Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
Volume 56, Issue 7 , Pages 622-628 , July 2003