Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
Volume 55, Issue 2 , Pages 143-149 , February 2002

Socio-economic status and serum lipids: A cross-sectional study in a Chinese urban population

  • Zhijie Yu

      Affiliations

    • Department of Public Health and General Practice, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
  • ,
  • Aulikki Nissinen

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Fax: +358-9-47448338. E-mail address:(A. Nissinen)
  • ,
  • Erkki Vartiainen

      Affiliations

    • Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
  • ,
  • Gang Hu

      Affiliations

    • Department of Physiology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
  • ,
  • Huiguang Tian

      Affiliations

    • Department of Chronic Diseases, Tianjin Public Health Bureau, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
  • ,
  • Zeyu Guo

      Affiliations

    • Department of Chronic Diseases, Tianjin Public Health Bureau, Tianjin, People's Republic of China

Received 11 April 1999 ,Revised 6 July 2001 ,Accepted 14 August 2001.

References 

  1. Kaplan GA, Keil JE. Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease (a review of the literature). Circulation. 1993;88:1973–1998
  2. Sorlie PD, Garcia-Palmieri MR. Educational status and coronary heart disease in Puerto Rico (the Puerto Rico Heart Health program). Int J Epidemiol. 1990;19:59–65
  3. Gupta R, Gupta VP, Ahluwalia NS. Educational status, coronary heart disease, and coronary risk factor prevalence in a rural population of India. BMJ. 1994;309:1332–1336
  4. Verschuren WMM, Jacobs DR, Bloemberg BPM, et al.  Serum cholesterol and long-term coronary heart mortality in different cultures. Twenty-five-year follow-up of the Seven Countries Study. JAMA. 1995;274:131–136
  5. Stamler J, Wentworth D, Neaton JDfor the MRFIT Research Group. Is relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? Findings in 356 222 primary screenees of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). JAMA. 1986;256:2823–2828
  6. Castelli WP, Garrison RJ, Wilson PWF, et al.  Incidence of coronary heart disease and lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The Framingham Study. JAMA. 1986;256:2835–2838
  7. Vartiainen E, Pekkanen J, Koskinen S, et al.  Do changes in cardiovascular risk factors explain the increasing socioeconomic difference in mortality from heart disease in Finland?. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998;52:416–419
  8. Fox R. Cardiovascular news (trends in cardiovascular mortality in Europe). Circulation. 1997;96:3817
  9. Reddy KS. Cardiovascular disease in the developing countries. Heartbeat. 1998;2:4–5
  10. Chen ZM, Peto R, Collins R, et al.  Serum cholesterol concentration and coronary heart disease in population with low cholesterol concentrations. BMJ. 1991;303:276–282
  11. Tian HG, Nan Y, Liang XQ, et al.  Relationship between serum lipids and dietary and non-dietary factors in a Chinese population. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995;49:871–882
  12. Siegrist J, Bernhardt R, Feng Z, Schettler G. Socioeconomic differences in cardiovascular risk factors in China. Int J Epidemiol. 1990;19:905–910
  13. Bunker CH, Ukoli FA, Okoro FL, et al.  Correlates of serum lipids in a lean black population. Atherosclerosis. 1996;123:215–225
  14. Pereira MA, Kriska AM, Collins VR, et al.  Occupation status and cardiovascular disease in the rapidly developing, high-risk population of Mauritius. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148:148–159
  15. The INCLEN Multicenter Collaborative Group . Socioeconomic status and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (a multicentre collaborative study in the international clinical epidemiology network (INCLEN)). J Clin Epidemiol. 1994;47:1401–1409
  16. Rossouw JE, Jooste PL, Steenkamp HJ, Thompson ML, Jordaan PCJ, Swanepoel ASP. Socioeconomic status, risk factors and coronary heart disease (the CORIS baseline study). S Afr Med J. 1990;78:82–85
  17. Tianjin Public Health Bureau, China . Ten-year achievement of Tianjin NCD prevention and control. Tianjin: Public Health Bureau; 1994;
  18. Vartiainen E, Du DJ, Marks JS, Korhonen H, Geng GY, Guo ZY, et al.  Mortality, cardiovascular risk factors and diet in China, Finland, and the United States. Public Health Report. 1991;5:59–67
  19. Yu ZJ, Song GD, Guo ZY, et al.  Changes in blood pressure, body mass index and salt consumption in a Chinese population. Prev Med. 1999;29:165–172
  20. Liberatos P, Link BG, Kelsey JL. The measurement of social class in epidemiology. Epidemiol Rev. 1988;10:87–121
  21. Tian HG, Hu G, Dong QN, et al.  Dietary sodium and potassium, socio-economic status and blood pressure in a Chinese population. Appetite. 1996;26:235–246
  22. Holme I, Helgeland A, Hjermann I, Lund-Larsen PG, Leren P. Coronary risk factors and socio-economic status (the Oslo Study). Lancet. 1976;ii:1396–1397
  23. Croft JB, Strogatz DS, James SA, et al.  Socio-economic and behavioral correlates of body mass index in black adults (the Pitt County Study). Am J Public Health. 1992;82:821–826
  24. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration without use of the preparative ultracentration. Clin Chem. 1972;18:499–512
  25. Tian HG. Nutrition and associated factors related to hypertension in Tianjin (China). Kuopio University Publication D. Medical Science 78, 1995 (doctoral dissertation).
  26. SPSS Inc . SPSS for Windows program, version 6.0.1. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc; 1994;
  27. Winkleby MA, Jatulis DE, Frank E, Fortmann SP. Socio-economic status and health (how education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease). Am J Public Health. 1992;82:816–820
  28. Bennett S. Cardiovascular risk factors in Australia (trends in socio-economic inequalities). J Epidemiol Community Health. 1995;49:363–372
  29. Pocock SJ, Shaper AG, Cook DG, Phillips AN, Walker M. Social class differences in ischaemic heart disease in British men. Lancet. 1987;ii:197–201
  30. Helmert U, Shea S, Herman B, Greiser E. Relationship of social class characteristics and risk factors for coronary heart disease in West Germany. Public Health. 1990;104:399–416
  31. Luoto R, Pekkanen J, Uutela A, Tuomilehto J. Cardiovascular risks and socio-economic status (differences between men and women in Finland). J Epidemiol Community Health. 1994;48:348–354
  32. Sacker A, Firth D, Fitzpatrick R, Lynch K, Bartley M. Comparing health inequality in men and women (prospective study of mortality 1986–96). BMJ. 2000;320:1303–1307
  33. Ballantyne PJ. The social determinants of health (a contribution to the analysis of gender differences in health and illness). Scand J Public Health. 1999;27:290–295
  34. Koskinen S, Martelin T. Why are socio-economic mortality differences smaller among women than among men?. Soc Sci Med. 1994;38:1385–1396
  35. Anderson NB, Armstead CA. Toward understanding the association of socioeconomic status and health (a new challenge for the biopsychosocial approach). Psychosom Med. 1995;57:213–225
  36. Marmot M, Feeney A. General explanations for social inequalities in health. Social inequalities and cancer. IARC Scientific Publications No. 138. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1997;p. 207–28.
  37. Marmot MG, Bosma H, Hemingway H, Brunner E, Stansfeld S. Contribution of job control and other risk factors to social variations in coronary heart disease incidence. Lancet. 1997;350:235–239
  38. Syme SL, Balfour JL. Explaining inequalities in coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1997;350:231–232
  39. Marmot M, Elliott P. Coronary heart disease epidemiology (from aetiology to public health). Oxford: Oxford University Press, Oxford Medical Publications; 1995;
  40. Popkin BM, Keyou G, Zhai F, et al.  The nutrition transition in China (a cross-sectional analysis). Eur J Clin Nutr. 1993;47:333–346

PII: S0895-4356(01)00451-6

Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
Volume 55, Issue 2 , Pages 143-149 , February 2002