Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
Volume 54, Issue 12, Supplement 1 , Pages S35-S43 , December 2001

Aging and neuro-AIDS conditions and the changing spectrum of HIV-1-associated morbidity and mortality

  • K. Goodkin

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1400 NW 10th Ave, #803-A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
    • Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
    • Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: 305-243-6206; fax: 305-243-4062. E-mail address:(K. Goodkin)
    • ,
  • F.L. Wilkie

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1400 NW 10th Ave, #803-A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
    • ,
  • M. Concha

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
    • ,
  • C.H. Hinkin

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
    • ,
  • S. Symes

      Affiliations

    • Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
    • ,
  • T.T. Baldewicz

      Affiliations

    • Department of Virology, PharmaResearch Corp., Morrisville, NC, USA
    • ,
  • D. Asthana

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1400 NW 10th Ave, #803-A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
    • ,
  • R.K. Fujimura

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1400 NW 10th Ave, #803-A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
    • ,
  • D. Lee

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1400 NW 10th Ave, #803-A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
    • ,
  • M.H. van Zuilen

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1400 NW 10th Ave, #803-A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
    • Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
    • ,
  • I. Khamis

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1400 NW 10th Ave, #803-A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
    • ,
  • P. Shapshak

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1400 NW 10th Ave, #803-A, Miami, FL 33136, USA
    • Department of Neurology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
    • Department of Pathology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
    • ,
  • C. Eisdorfer

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1400 NW 10th Ave, #803-A, Miami, FL 33136, USA

Received 24 July 2001 ,Revised 17 August 2001 ,Accepted 17 August 2001.

References 

  1. Operskalski EA, Mosley JW, Busch MP, Stram DO. Influences of age, viral load and CD4+ count on the rate of progression of HIV-1 infection to AIDS. J AIDS Hum Retrovirol. 1997;15:243–244
  2. Schmid P, Conrad A, Syndulko K, Singer E, Handley D, Li X, et al. Quantifying proviral DNA using the polymerase chain reaction on cerebrospinal fluid and blood of seropositive individuals with and without neurologic abnormalities. J Acq Immun Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1994;7:777–788
  3. Conrad AJ, Schmid P, Syndulko K, Singer E, Nagra RM, Russell JJ, et al. Quantifying HIV-1 RNA using the polymerase chain reaction on cerebrospinal fluid and serum of seropositive individuals with and without neurologic abnormalities. J Acq Immun Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1995;10(4):425–435
  4. Pratt RD, Nichols S, McKinney N, Kwok S, Dankner WM, Spector SA. Virologic markers of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in cerebrospinal fluid of children. J Infect Dis. 1996;174(2):288–293
  5. Brew BJ, Pemberton L, Law M. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HIV-1 RNA levels correlate with AIDS dementia complex (ADC) [abstract Mo.B.314]. In: Abstracts of the XI international conference on AIDS. One world. One hope. Volume 1. IAS: Vancouver, 1996, p. 24.
  6. McArthur JC, McClernon DR, Cronin MF, et al.  Relationship between human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia and viral load in cerebrospinal fluid and brain. Ann Neurol. 1997;42:689–698
  7. Hengge UR, Brockmeyer NH, Esser S, Maschke M, Goos M. HIV-1 RNA levels in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma correlate with AIDS dementia. AIDS. 1998;12:818–820
  8. Ellis RJ, Deutsch R, Heaton RK, Marcotte T, McCutchan JA, Nelson J, et al. Neurocognitive impairment is an independent risk factor for death in HIV infection. Arch Neurol. 1997;54:416–424
  9. Price RW, Strapans S. Measuring the “viral load” in cerebrospinal fluid in human immunodeficiency virus infection (window into brain infection?). Ann Neurol. 1997;42:675–678
  10. Gartner S. HIV infection and dementia. Science. 2000;287:602–604
  11. Major EO, Rausch D, Marra C, Clifford D. HIV-associated dementia. Science. 2000;288:440–441
  12. Franceschi C, Monti D, Barbieri D, Salvioli S, Grassilli E, Capri M, et al. Successful immunosenescence and the remodelling of immune responses with ageing. Nephrol Dialysis Transplant. 1996;11(Suppl. 9):18–25
  13. Murasko DW, Weiner P, Kaye D. Association of lack of mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation with increased mortality in the elderly. Aging Immunol Infect Dis. 1988;1:1–6
  14. Heaton RK, Grant I, Butters N, White DA, Kirson D, Atkinson JH, et al. The HNRC 500- Neuropsychology of HIV infection at different disease stages. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1995;1:231–251
  15. Stern Y, Marden K, Bell K, Chen J, Dooneif G, Golsetin S, et al. Multidisciplinary baseline assessment of homosexual men with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48:131–138
  16. Wilkie FL, Eisdorfer C, Morgan R, Loewenstein DA, Szapocznik J. Cognition in early human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:433–440
  17. Bornstein RA, Nasrallah HA, Para M, Fass R, Whitacre CC, Rice RR. Rate of CD4 decline and neuropsychological performance in HIV-1 infection. Arch Neurol. 1991;48:704–707
  18. Becker JT, Caldararo R, Lopez OL, Dew MA, Dorst SK, Banks G. Qualitative features of the memory deficit associated with HIV infection and AIDS (cross validation of a discriminant function classification scheme). J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1995;17:134–142
  19. Miller EN, Selnes OA, McArthur JC, Satz P, Becker JT, Cohen BA, et al. Neuropsychological performance in HIV-1 infected homosexual men (the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS)). Neurology. 1990;40:197–203
  20. Peavy G, Jacobs D, Salmon DP, Butters N, Delis DC, Taylor M, et al. Verbal memory performance of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection (evidence of subcortical dysfunction). J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1994;16:508–523
  21. Rottenberg D, Moeller J, Strother SC, Sidtis JJ, Navia BA, Dhawan V, et al. The metabolic pathway of the AIDS dementia complex. Ann Neurol. 1987;22:700–706
  22. American Academy of Neurology. Nomenclature and research case definitions for neurological manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus Type-1 (HIV-1) infection. Neurology. 1991;41:778–785
  23. Stern Y, McDermott MP, Albert S, Palumbo P, Selnes OA, McArthur J, et al. Kieburtz K, Epstein L, Marder KS, for the Dana Consortium on the Therapy of HIV-Dementia and Related Cognitive Disorders. Factors associated with incident human immunodeficiency virus-dementia. Arch Neurol. 2001;58:473–479
  24. Navia BA. The AIDS dementia complex. In:  Cummings JL editors. Subcortical dementia. New York: Oxford University Press; 1990;p. 181–198
  25. White DA, Heaton RK, Monsch AU. Neuropsychological studies of asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-Type 1 infected individuals. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1995;1:304–315
  26. Janssen RS, Saykin AJ, Cannon L, Campbell J, Pinsky PF, Hessol NA, et al. Neurological and neuropsychological manifestations of HIV-1 infection (association with AIDS-related complex but not asymptomatic HIV-1 infection). Ann Neurol. 1989;26:592–600
  27. Price RW, Sidtis JJ, Navia BH, Pumarola-Sune T, Ornitz DB. The AIDS dementia complex. In:  Rosenblum ML,  Levy RM,  Bredesen DE editor. AIDS and the nervous system. New York: Raven Press; 1988;p. 203–220
  28. Linsk N, Poindexter CC. Social support needs of older minority HIV-affected caregivers. In: Abstracts of role of families in preventing and adapting to HIV/AIDS. Baltimore: National Institute of Mental Health; 1997;p. 63
  29. Eisdorfer C, Wilkie FL. The dementias of Alzheimer's and AIDS. In:  Koslow SH,  Murphy RS,  Coelho GV editor. Decade of the brain (India/USA research in mental health and neurosciences). Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health; 1995;p. 127–137
  30. Janssen RS, Nwanyanwu OC, Selik RM, Stehr-Green JK. Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus encephalopathy in the United States. Neurology. 1992;42:1472–1476
  31. Chiesi A, Vella S, Dally LG, Pedersen C, Danner S, Johnson AM, et al. Epidemiology and AIDS dementia complex in Europe. J Acq Immun Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1996;11:39–44
  32. Goodkin K, Wilkie FL, Tyll M, Zheng WL, Khamis I, Cohen J. Age, cognitive-motor impairment and disorder and functional status in HIV infection. Syllabus & proceedings summary of the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. Chicago: APA; 2000;p. 170.
  33. Hinkin CH, Cummings JL, van Gorp WG, Mitrushina M. Frontal-subcortical features of normal aging (an empirical analysis). Can J Aging. 1990;9:104–119
  34. Wilkie F, Dickinson G, Symes S, Goodkin K, Czaja S, Feaster D, et al. The cognitive effects of HIV-1 infection in elderly men. Gerontologist. 1995;56:125–126
  35. Wilkie F. Cognitive functioning in older individuals with normal aging, HIV-1 infection, and Alzheimer's disease. In: Effects of age on neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric status over the course of HIV-1 infection. Abstracts of the 2nd national conference on AIDS and aging. San Francisco: National Association on HIV Over Fifty (NAHOF); 1997;
  36. Goodkin K. Aging and HIV-1 associated neuropsychiatric manifestations. In: Effects of age on neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric status over the course of HIV-1 infection. In: Abstracts of the 2nd national conference on AIDS and aging. San Francisco: National Association on HIV Over Fifty (NAHOF), 1997.
  37. Hardy DJ, Hinkin CH, Satz P, Stenquist PK, van Gorp WG, Moore LH. Age differences and neurocognitive performance in HIV-infected adults. NZ J Psychol. 1999;28:94–101
  38. van Gorp WG, Miller EN, Marcotte TD, Dixon W, Paz D, Selnes O, et al  The relationship between age and cognitive impairment in HIV-1 infection (findings from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study and clinical cohort). Neurology. 1994;44:929–935
  39. Heyes M, Brew BJ, Martin A, Price RW, Salazar AM, Sidtis JJ, et al. Quinolinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in HIV-1 infection (relationship to clinical and neurologic status). Ann Neurol. 1991;29:202–209
  40. Shapshak P, Segal DM, Crandall KA, Fujimura RK, Zhang B-T, Xin K-Q, et al. Independent evolution of HIV type 1 in different brain regions. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir. 1999;15:811–820
  41. Tyor WR, Wesselingh SL, Griffin JW, McArthur JC, Griffin DE. Unifying hypothesis for the pathogenesis of HIV-associated dementia complex, vacuolar myelopathy, and sensory neuropathy. J AIDS Hum Retrovirol. 1995;9:379–388
  42. Wesselingh S, Power C, Glass J, et al.  Intracerebral cytokine mRNA expression in AIDS dementia. Ann Neurol. 1993;33:576–582
  43. Shapshak P, Duncan R, Minagar A, Goodkin K. The predominant role of IFN-γ in the neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. Neurology. 2001;56(Suppl. 3):A476
  44. Ickovics JR, Meisler AW. Adherence in AIDS clinical trials (a framework for clinical research and clinical care). J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50:385–391
  45. McArthur JC, Hoover DR, Bacellar H, Miller EN, Cohen BA, Becker JT, et al. Dementia in AIDS patients (incidence and risk factors). Neurology. 1993;43:2245–2252
  46. Mayeux R, Stern Y, Tang MX, Todak G, Marder K, Sano M, et al. Mortality risks in gay men with human immunodeficiency virus infection and cognitive impairment. Neurology. 1993;43:176–182
  47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. Morb Mort Wkly Rep. 1992;41(RR-17):1–19
  48. Wilkie FL, Goodkin K, Morgan R, Feaster D, Fletcher MA, Blaney N, et al. Mild cognitive impairment and risk of mortality in HIV-1 infection. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci. 1998;10:125–132
  49. Snider WD, Simpson DM, Nielsen S, et al.  Neurological complications of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (analysis of 50 patients). Ann Neurol. 1983;14:403–418
  50. Verma A, Bradley W. HIV-1 associated neuropathies. CNS Spectrums. 2000;5:66–72
  51. Markus R, Brew BJ. HIV-1 peripheral neuropathy and combination antiretroviral therapy. Lancet. 1997;352:1906–1907
  52. Goodkin K, Feaster D. Meta-analysis and the need for study quality control. Pain Forum. J Am Pain Soc. 1998;7:90–94
  53. Goodkin K, Feaster D, Baldewicz T. Meta-analysis (a time for closer scrutiny in applications to pain research? Pain forum). J Am Pain Soc. 1998;7:100–103
  54. Kieburtz K, Simpson D, Yiannoutsos C, Max MB, Hall CD, Ellis RJ, et al. McKendall R, Singer E, Dal Pan GJ, Clifford DB, Tucker T, Cohen B. A randomized trial of amitriptyline and mexiletine for painful neuropathy in HIV infection. AIDS Clinical Trial Group 242 Protocol Team. 1998;51(Neurology):1682–1688
  55. McArthur JC, Yiannoutsos C, Simpson D, Adornato BT, Singer EJ, Hollander H, et al. A phase II trial of nerve growth factor for sensory neuropathy associated with HIV infection. AIDS Clinical Trials Group Team 291. Neurology. 2000;54:1080–1088
  56. Kieburtz KD, Seidlin M, Lambert JS, et al.  Extended follow-up of peripheral neuropathy in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex treated with dideoxyinosine. J Acq Immun Defic Syndr. 1992;5:60–64
  57. Simpson DM, Katzenstein DA, Hughes MD, et al.  Neuromuscular function in HIV infection (analysis of a placebo-controlled combination antiretroviral trial. AIDS Clinical Trial Group 175-801 Study Team). AIDS. 1998;12:2425–2432
  58. Tsiodras S, Mantzoros C, Hammer S, Samore M. Effects of protease inhibitors on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and lipodystrophy (a 5-year cohort study). Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2050–2056
  59. Mitchell PD, Mitchell TN. The age-dependent deterioration in light touch sensation on the plantar aspect of the foot in a rural community in India (implication when screening for sensory impairment). Leprosy Rev. 2000;71:169–178
  60. Childs EA, Lyles RH, Selnes OA, Chen B, Miller EN, Cohen BA, et al. Plasma viral load and CD4 lymphocytes predict HIV-associated peripheral neuropathy. Neurology. 1999;52:607–613
  61. Richardson JK, Hurvitz EA. Peripheral neuropathy (a true risk factor for falls). J Gerontol. 1995;50:M211–M215
  62. Whiteman M, Post MJD, Berger JR, Limonte L, Tate LG, Bell M. PML in 47 HIV-1+ patients. Radiology. 1993;187:233–240
  63. Chang L. In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy in HIV and HIV-related brain diseases. Rev Neurosci. 1995;6:365–378
  64. McGuire D, Barhite S, Hollander H, Miles M. JC virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients (predictive value for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy). Ann Neurol. 1995;37:395–399
  65. Berger JR, Concha M. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (the evolution of a disease once considered rare). J Neurovirol. 1995;1:5–18
  66. Gallia GL, Gordon J, Khalili K. Tumor pathogenesis of human neurotropic JC virus in the CNS. J Neurovirol. 1998;4:175–181
  67. Clifford DB, Yiannoutsos C, Glicksman M, et al.  HAART improves prognosis in HIV-1-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Neurology. 1999;52:623–625
  68. Shimada H, Noda K, Mori M, Aoki N, Tajima M, Kato K. Papovavirus detection by electron microscopy in the brain of an elderly patient without overt progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Virchows Archiv. 1994;424:569–572
  69. Nasir S, DeAngelis LM. Update on the management of primary CNS lymphoma. Oncology. 2000;14:228–234
  70. Hao D, Di Francensco LM, Brasher PM, et al.  Is primary CNS lymphoma really becoming more common? A population-based study of incidence, clinicopathological features and outcomes in Alberta from 1975 to 1996. Ann Oncol. 1999;10:65–70
  71. Korfel A, Thiel E. Successful treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the central nervous system with BMPD chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy. Leuk Lymphoma. 1998;30:609–617
  72. Levine AM, Sullivan-Halley J, Pike MC, et al.  Human immunodeficiency virus-related lymphoma—prognostic factors predictive of survival. Cancer. 1991;68:2466–2472
  73. Ammassari A, Cingolani A, Pezzoti P, De Luca DA, Murri R, Giancola ML, et al. AIDS-related brain lesions in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Neurology. 2000;55:1194–1200
  74. Grulich AE. AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Acq Immun Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1999;21(Suppl. 1):S27–S30
  75. Raez LE, Patel P, Feun L, Restrepo A, Raub WA, Cassileth PA. Natural history and prognostic factors for survival in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Crit Rev Oncog. 1998;9:199–208
  76. Cinque P, Vago L, Dahl H, et al.  Polymerase chain reaction on cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of virus-associated opportunistic diseases of the central nervous system in HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS. 1996;10:951–958
  77. Grant JW, Isaacson PG. Primary central nervous system lymphoma. Brain Pathol. 1992;2:97–109
  78. Corn BW, Donahue BR, Rosenstock JG, Hyslop T, Brandon AH, Hegde HH, et al. Performance status and age as independent predictors of survival among AIDS patients with primary CNS lymphoma (a multivariate analysis of a multi-institutional experience). Cancer J Sci Am. 1997;3:52–56
  79. Abrey LE, DeAngelis LM, Yahalom J. Long-term survival in primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:859–863
  80. Concha M, Rabinstein A. Central nervous system opportunistic infections in HIV-1 infection. CNS Spectrums. 2000;5:43–60
  81. Straus DI. HIV associated lymphomas. Cur Opin Oncol. 1997;9:450–454
  82. Chamberlain MC. Long survival in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related primary central nervous system lymphoma. Cancer. 1994;73:1728–1730
  83. Berger JR, Harris JO, Gregorios J, Norenberg M. Cerebrovascular disease in AIDS (a case control study). AIDS. 1990;4:239–244
  84. Carr A, Samaras K, Thorisdottir A, Kaufmann GR, Chisholm DJ, Cooper DA. Diagnosis, prediction, and natural course of HIV-1 protease-inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus (a cohort study). Lancet. 1999;353:2093–2099
  85. Brinkman K, Smeitink JA, Romijn JA, Reiss P. Mitochondrial toxicity induced by nucleoside-analogue reverse-transcriptase inhibitors is a key factor in the pathogenesis of antiretroviral-therapy-related lipodystrophy. Lancet. 1999;354:1112–1115
  86. Henry K, Melroe H, Huebusch J, et al.  Severe premature coronary artery disease with protease inhibitors. Lancet. 1998;351:1328
  87. Hoffman M, Berger JR, Nath A, Rayens M. Cerebrovascular disease in young HIV infected black Africans in the KwaZulu Natal Province of South Africa. J Neurovirol. 2000;6:229–236
  88. Connor MD, Lammie GA, Bell JE, Warlow CP, Simmonds P, Brettle RP. Cerebral infarction in adult AIDS patients (observations from the Edinburgh HIV Autopsy Cohort). Stroke. 2000;31:2117–2126
  89. Brilla R, Nabavi DG, Schulte-Altedorneburg G, Kemeny V, Reichelt D, Evers S, et al. Cerebral vasculopathy in HIV infection revealed by transcranial Doppler. A pilot study. Stroke. 1999;30:811–813

PII: S0895-4356(01)00445-0

Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
Volume 54, Issue 12, Supplement 1 , Pages S35-S43 , December 2001

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution